MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING QUY NHƠN UNIVERSITY NGUYỄN NGỌC HƢƠNG GIANG PARTICULARIZED IMPLICATURES IN JIMMY KIMMEL’S TALK SHOWS Field: English Linguistics Code: 8.22.02.01 Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. NGUYỄN QUANG NGOẠN BINH DINH, 2021 BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƢỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUY NHƠN NGUYỄN NGỌC HƢƠNG GIANG HÀM Ý HỘI THOẠI ĐẶC THÙ TRONG CHƢƠNG TRÌNH TỌA ĐÀM CỦA JIMMY KIMMEL Chuyên ngành: Ngôn ngữ Anh Mã số : 8.22.02.01 Ngƣời hƣớng dẫn: PGS TS NGUYỄN QUANG NGOẠN BINH DINH, 2021 i STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I confirm that the work presented in this research paper has been conducted by myself. Except where reference is made in the text of the thesis, no other person's work has been used without due acknowledgement in the thesis. I confirm that this work is submitted in partial fulfillment for the M.A. thesis in English at Quy Nhon University and has not been submitted elsewhere in any other form for the fulfillment of any other degree or qualification. Quy Nhon, July 2021 Nguyễn Ngọc Hƣơng Giang ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nguyen Quang Ngoan, my supervisor for the continuous support of my M.A. thesis and related research, for his patience, motivation, and immense knowledge. His window helped me in all the time of research and writing of this thesis. I could not have imagined having a better supervisor and mentor for my M.A. study. I would like to thank all the lectures from the Department of Foreign Languages for their kindness and valuable knowledge without which I would not have been able to conduct this research. My special thanks also go to all my dear classmates for the time we spent together as well as for the knowledge and experience we learned from each other. Last but not least, no words can reveal my deep love and gratitude to my family whose everlasting love and support have given me strength and motivation to finish this thesis. iii ABSTRACT This research was conducted with the aim to find out the types of particularized implicatures, as well as to identify the strategies and purposes of generating the particularized conversational implicatures used by George W. Bush and Michelle Obama in Jimmy Kimmel talk shows by using Grice‟s conversational implicature and the theory of verbal deception strategies of generating implicatures proposed by Swati, Gupta, Kayo Sakamoto and Andrew Ortony (2015). The data of this research were utterances. The source of data was the videos and transcripts. The method of this research was descriptive qualitative. The result of this study showed that there were 70 total number of violation maxims of the cooperative principle as the realization of particularized conversational implicature. The result showed that maxim of quantity received the highest percentage of violation (53%). As regards the verbal deception strategies of generating particularized conversational implicatures, 5 different ones were found in which augmentation and half- truth were among the highest of occurrence with 57.14 % and 24.28% respectively. This result showed that implicatures could be employed with a wide range of strategies. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP ................................................................... i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................. ii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................ iv LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................... viii CHAPTER 1.INTRODUCTION ...................................................................... 1 1.1 RATIONALE ....................................................................................... 1 1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ....................................... 2 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS .................................................................. 3 1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY .................................................................... 3 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY ..................................................... 4 1.6 ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS .................................................. 4 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND .............................................................................................. 6 2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................... 6 2.2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ................................................... 12 2.2.1 Pragmatics ................................................................................... 12 2.2.2 An overview of implicature......................................................... 13 2.2.3 Particularized conversational implicature ................................... 16 2.2.4 Cooperative Principle .................................................................. 18 2.2.5 Violating conversational maxims ................................................ 21 2.2.6 Verbal deception strategies ......................................................... 23 CHAPTER 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................................ 35 3.1 RESEARCH METHODS ................................................................... 35 v 3.2 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS ........................................ 36 3.3 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY ..................................................... 38 3.3.1 Validity ........................................................................................ 38 3.3.2 Reliability .................................................................................... 38 CHAPTER 4. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ............................................ 39 4.1 TYPES OF PARTICULARIZED IMPLICATURES EMPLOYED BY GUESTS IN JIMMY KIMMEL‟S TALK SHOWS ................................ 39 4.1.1 The types of particularized conversational implicature used by guests in Jimmy Kimmel talk show ..................................................... 39 4.1.2 Violation of the Gricean Maxims of Quantity ............................ 41 4.1.3 Violation of the Gricean Maxims of Quality .............................. 44 4.1.4 Violation of the Gricean Maxims of Relevance .......................... 45 4.1.5 Violation of the Gricean Maxims of Manner .............................. 47 4.2 VERBAL DECEPTION STRATEGIES OF GENERATING THE PARTICULARIZED IMPLICATURES BY GUESTS IN JIMMY KIMMEL‟S TALK SHOWS .................................................................... 48 4.2.1 Overstatement.............................................................................. 49 4.2.2 Half-truth ..................................................................................... 50 4.2.3 Augmentation .............................................................................. 51 4.2.4 Equivocation................................................................................ 53 4.2.5 Obfuscation ................................................................................. 54 4.3 PURPOSES OF USING PARTICULARIZED IMPLICATURES BY GUESTS IN JIMMY KIMMEL‟S TALK SHOWS ................................ 55 4.4 SUMMARY ....................................................................................... 59 CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS ................................ 61 5.1 CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................ 61 5.2 IMPLICATIONS ................................................................................ 62 vi 5.3 LIMITATIONS .................................................................................. 62 5.4 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDIES ................................... 63 REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 64 vii LIST OF TABLES Number Title Page 2.1 Verbal deception strategies in relation to maxims 29 3.1 Data coding 37 Verbal deception strategies of generating the 4.1 particularized implicatures by guests in Jimmy 48 Kimmel‟s talk shows Purposes of using particularized implicatures by guests 4.2 55 in Jimmy Kimmel‟s talk shows viii LIST OF FIGURES Number Title Page The types of particularized implicature 4.1 40 used in Jimmy Kimmel talk show 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION This chapter introduces six sections including rationale, aim and objectives of the study, research question(s), scope of the study, significance of the study and organization of the thesis. It provides the readers with the background information for the research. 1.1 RATIONALE Human beings' communication activity is not simple a process of exchanging information. In fact, when taking part in a conversation, the people involved have to take into account a number of social and psychological factors based on which he will decide to select the most efficient communication strategy among many others. In many cases saying something in a straightforward way is just unacceptable because, for some reasons, it may seriously damage the speaker's relationship, or it is against the social norms that are accepted widely by certain communities. Therefore, on the side of speaker, it is an art of selecting a suitable way to, on the one hand, express his full intended meaning, but on the other hand, satisfy a lot of conditions, such as: (a) not hurting the hearer's feeling or losing his face.../or insulting him in a subtle way..., (b) keeping the speaker's safety in case it causes an unexpected effect, which means the speaker prepares in advance a way to be distant himself from what he means but doesn't say, or (c) being polite. On the side of the hearer, in other to reach a successful communication, he must be able to recognize the speaker's intention because it is not always directly stated. A particular intended meaning can in fact be conveyed through a lot of strategies. In what strategies do the speakers generate these implicatures, and what are the purposes of using particularized 2 implicatures. Grice (1975) is concerned with the distinction between saying and meaning and aims at discovering the mechanism behind this process. The idea of saying one thing to mean something else as we have discussed above is the main concept of implicature. Implicature is an interesting linguistic phenomenon which occurs in daily conversation, in literature and in many other forms of art including the movie. Implicature is important to study, but it is even more important to study the implicatures in talk shows because they hold the academic value of a scholar‟s production and they also reflect real life conversations. During the process of studying implicatures, we tried to find the talk shows containing implicatures that covered these features. This research uses Jimmy Kimmel‟s talk shows as the objects because Jimmy Kimmel‟s talk shows have a unique characteristic such as the host Jimmy Kimmel itself by giving questions which are weighted. The weighted questions are offered by Jimmy Kimmel in an easy and funny way, which is the reason why the audiences and the viewers are not boring. This show also gives us the information of Hollywood stars, athletes and public figures‟ daily life which are directly informed by the person itself. Since this show is full of informative conversations which are related to the cooperative Grice maxims, the researcher decided that Jimmy Kimmel‟s talk shows are the shows which can help to understand the acknowledge of implicature which can appear in the middle of chitchat which are weighted but enjoyable among the host and the guests. From these points of view, the researcher decided to carry out the study entitled “Particularized Implicatures in Jimmy Kimmel’s Talk Shows”. 1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY This research is conducted with the aim to identify particularized implicatures employed by guests in Jimmy Kimmel‟s talk show. To achieve the aim of the study, the following objectives are intended: 3 - To identify and describe the types of particularized implicatures employed by guests in Jimmy Kimmel‟s talk shows. - To identify and describe the strategies of generating the particularized implicatures by guests in Jimmy Kimmel‟s talk shows. - To identify the purposes of using particularized implicatures by guests in Jimmy Kimmel‟s talk shows. 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS The research aims at answering the following questions: 1. What types of particularized implicatures are employed by guests in Jimmy Kimmel‟s talk shows? 2. What are the strategies of generating the particularized implicatures by guests in Jimmy Kimmel‟s talk shows? 3. What are the purposes of using particularized implicatures by guests in Jimmy Kimmel‟s talk shows? 1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY Although the Grice‟s Cooperative Principle and Implicature theory include mainly two types of implicature including conversational implicature and conventional implicature, the study concentrates on the sub-type, namely particularized conversational implicatures, types of particularized implicatures, strategies of generating the particularized implicatures and purposes of using particularized implicatures by guests in Jimmy Kimmel‟s talk shows. Besides, the data source employed in this study is the transcriptions of the interviews between the host, Jimmy Kimmel, and native English speaking male and female guests in Jimmy Kimmel talk show (Season 15 to Season 17). 4 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY As we have mentioned in the previous part, implicature is a common linguistic phenomenon that happens in almost every field of life; therefore, the study of it is surely useful for both practice and theory. Theoretically, although the notion of implicature was introduced in the early 1960s, it does not mean that there is no need to make any improvement to this theory. In accordance with the objectives of the research, this research is expected to make contributions both theoretically and practically. Theoretically, the research findings anticipated provide additional reference for the next researchers who want to conduct research on Grice‟s Cooperative Principle and Implicature especially on Particularized Conversational Implicature. In terms of practical use, the results of this study are expected to be useful for both English language teachers and learners. This study helps any Vietnamese who is concerned with the implicature in English be aware of the differences in cultures and countries that may lead to the misunderstanding of interpretation when transferring implicatures between Vietnamese and English. It cannot be denied that implicature plays a very important role in politeness strategies in conversation. For English teachers, especially, for those who teach high competent students, a good knowledge of implicature and illocutionary act is surely helpful in communicating with their students. On larger scale, with the worldwide use of English and the process of globalization these days, a thorough understanding of implicature is proved to be valuable. 1.6 ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS This study is divided into five chapters: Chapter 1. Introduction In this chapter, we present the reason why it is important to study 5 implicature as well as why we decide to choose Jimmy Kimmel‟s talk shows as sources of collecting data. The aims, objectives, scope, and research questions are also set up in this part as a guiding frame for the whole process of studying. Furthermore, the significance of the study is briefly stated to show how this study theoretically and practically contributes to this field of linguistics. Chapter 2. Literature review and theoretical background This chapter presents available studies related to implicature with critical comments on these studies. It then provides conceptual definitions and taxonomies of different categories. Finally, it shows sufficient theoretical support for the study. Chapter 3. Methods and Procedure This chapter describes the ways and the steps to follow in the execution of the study and provides a brief justification for the research methods used. Chapter 4. Findings and discussion This chapter reports the results of the study, explains the data collected for the study in the forms of description and statistical analysis, and classifies the data according to different structural features and functions... It also provides comments on the results. Chapter 5. Conclusion This chapter has a look back on the major findings of the study. It highlights the main limitations as well as discusses the managerial implication of the study. Finally, it discusses the insightful direction for future research on the topic. 6 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND This chapter provides literature review and theoretical background. The first part reviews the results of other studies that are closely related to the study being reported. In addition, this part provides a framework for establishing the importance of the study, as well as a benchmark for comparing the results of a study with other findings. For the second part, the theoretical framework demonstrates an understanding of theories and concepts that are relevant to the topic of the research and that relate to the broader areas of knowledge being considered. 2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW The study of implicature has been conducted by a numbers of researchers both in English and Vietnamese. In Vietnamese, the theses on implicature outnumber those in English. Among them, two studies have a strong influence on my present study. First, it is the M.A thesis by Đoàn Thị Tâm (2006) “Một số phương thức tạo hàm ngôn trong truyện cười tiếng Việt”, in which she analyzed and pointed out 33 ways to form implicature. The second is “Hàm Ngôn Trong Truyện Ngắn Nguyễn Huy Thiệp” by Nguyễn Thị Tú Anh (2012). In her research, she aimed at identifying implicatures in the stories and analyzed the expressive value. She also described and classified the mechanism of creating implicature as well as their functions. In 2012, Võ Thị Thanh Thảo carried out an M.A. Thesis namely "A study of conversational implicatures in film Titanic". In that thesis, she aimed 7 at identifying kinds of implicature as they were found in the film Titanic, and discovered why the implicature were produced as well as what were the effects of producing the implicature. In the thesis she found that particularized implicatures were more than generalized ones with 68.4% and 31.6% respectively. For the reasons for producing implicature, she found that showing the feeling accounted for 27.2%, the highest rate. In the opposite end, saving time occupied only 2.3%, the lowest rate. Natalia (2017) conducted the study about Conversational Maxims in School Counseling Context. This study attempted to investigate the types of conversational maxims (obedience and violation), the realization and the reasons why those conversational maxims occur in counseling context in school by using the theory of conversational maxims. This study was conducted by using qualitative design. The data in this study were taken from ten recorded utterances of the students in school counseling session. The findings show that all types of conversational maxims employed in school counseling context. The conversational maxims tended to be fulfilled rather than violated by students. Kamila (2014) conducted the study about Cooperative Principles in the classroom interaction. This study investigated how often students and teacher violate the maxim of cooperative principles in classroom interaction and the reasons why the students and teacher violate those maxims. The result of the study showed that there were only two types of cooperative principles maxims violated in classroom interaction. They were maxim of relevance and maxim of quality. The reasons behind violation of these maxims are different from each violation. The reason of the violation of maxim of relevance and quality is to live up the situation in the classroom and to make jokes. Nasution (2014) conducted the research of conversational maxims in 8 Mata Najwa talk show program on Metro TV. This study explained the conversational maxims in Mata Najwa talk show program on Metro TV. The objectives of the study are to find out the types of conversational maxims occurring in the talk show, the difference of conversational maxims among three topics and the reasons for obedience and violation of conversational maxims in the talk show. The finding showed that all kinds of conversational maxim occurring in all topics and guests. The conversational maxims occurring with different guest are actually affected by the issues of topic itself. Therefore, there are no relationships between culture and language tradition of the guests and their conversational maxim because the guests have the same violation of maxim of quantity and all different guests have the same obtain obedience of maxim manner. Tupan and Natalia (2008) investigated the multiple violations of conversational maxims in lying done by the characters in some episodes of desperate housewives. This study was done by using descriptive qualitative method based on Gricean implicature. The finding of this study revealed that violating all maxims was meant to eliminate the interlocutors chance to respond. Violating three maxims was to cover the truth and violating two maxims was to create another lie in the future. This research gives contribution about the characteristics and reasons of conversational maxim violations in the research. In this research, Tupan and Natalia do not explain how violations of Grice maxim (quantity, quality, relevance, and manner) can be realized but only the reason for the violation. Sagheby and Sobhani (2014) in their “The violation of cooperative principles and four maxims in Iranian Psychological Consultation” concluded that the recognition of conversational implicature is essential for the understanding of the non-cooperative attitudes of the speakers and their 9 violation of one or more cooperative principle maxims. The violation of all types of maxim was found in this study. Seventh, the study about “A pragmatic analysis of maxim flouting performed by Solomon Northup in 12 years a slave movie” was conducted by Fatmawati (2014) this research aims to analyze the maxim flouting in 12 years a slave movie. In more specific terms, this research is aimed at identifying the types of maxim flouting; documenting the strategies that are used and seeking out the reasons for maxim flouting performed by Solomon Northup in 12 years a slave movie. The results of the study that four types of maxim flouting are performed by Solomon Northup to flout the maxim, the strategies of maxim flouting are applied by Northup and four reasons that lead Solomon Northup to flout the maxims. Eighth, was Hartini (2016) conducted the research about Maxims Violation of Politeness Principle in Indonesia‟s candidates debate. The objectives of the study are to describe the types of maxims violation, to elaborate the linguistic realization, and reasons of participants violated maxim of politeness principle. The approach in this study are based on politeness theory by Leech (1983); tact, generosity, approbation, modesty, agreement, and sympathy. The method of this research employed qualitative design. The subjects or the data source are taken from utterances of Presidential Candidates in dialogue of Indonesi‟s Presidential Debate. All written data are the transcriptions of recorded observation and interview. The reason is the participants tried to obtain the benefit from the hearer by delivering the questions expecting to cost the hearer. Another study was conducted by Fitriyah (2013, the objective of which is to find out conversational maxims, flouting maxims and the speaker‟s meaning of flouting maxims conversation in “The land of five towers” Novel. Qualitative research was used as the design of research to reach the objectives of this 10 research. The finding showed that there are 8 maxims of quality, 7 maxims of quantity, 8 maxims of relation and 21 maxims of manner. The finding also showed that there are 4 flouting maxims of quantity, 3 flouting maxims of relation and 6 flouting of manner. Furthermore, the finding shown that each conversation has specific meaning when the speaker flouted the maxims. One more study was conducted by Shuqin Hu entitled “An Analysis of Maxim Violation in Situational Comedy “The Big Bang Theory”. The research focuses on the violation of four maxims (maxim of quality, quantity, relation, and manner) and the multiple violation found based on Grice‟s theory of Cooperative Principles. In addition, the characters‟ reasons in violating the maxims were observed based on Tupan and Natalia (2008) and Christoffersen (2005). Therefore, this research was expected to help the reader to understand the sitcom “The Big Bang Theory Season 11”. Also, this research is estimated to give contribution to the development of Pragmatic as the references to other researcher, specifically, in cooperative principle involving the conversational maxims by Grice 1975. A recent study has been conducted by Al Kayed (2019). It aimed at exploring the violations of Grice‟s maxims in Jordanian jokes. The study focused on identifying the implied meaning of the violated maxims in these jokes and recognizing the factors that affect the interpretation of these jokes. The sample of the study consisted of six jokes selected from WhatsApp and Facebook. The data of the study was categorized with reference to the type of violation. The results of the study showed that Jordanians violate the maxims to create laughter and to communicate social and economic meanings. The last was the research of Maxim flouting in non formal debate shows on Indonesi‟s TV channel conducted by Abdillah (2016). The research dealt with the maxim flouting namely Quantity, Quality, Manner, and